What is Melasma?
Melasma, a prevalent skin concern, is characterised by the appearance of brown to grey-brown patches on the skin, primarily on the face. While the cheeks, nose bridge, forehead, chin, and upper lip are common areas for melasma, they can also manifest on the forearms and neck.
Causes of Melasma
Although the precise cause of melasma remains elusive, it is believed to stem from an overproduction of colour by melanocytes, the skin’s pigment-producing cells. Individuals with darker skin tones are more susceptible due to their higher melanocyte activity.
Risk Factors for Melasma
Several factors contribute to the likelihood of developing melasma, including:
- Skin Tone:
Darker skin tones have a higher risk of melasma. - Family History:
A family history of melasma increases susceptibility. - Gender:
Women are predominantly affected, accounting for around 90 percent of cases.
Symptoms of Melasma
The primary indicator of melasma is the presence of brown or grey-brown spots on the skin, typically appearing on the cheeks, forehead, nose, upper lip, chin, neck, and forearm.
Diagnosis of Melasma
Dermatologists diagnose melasma through a visual examination of the skin. In some cases, a Wood’s light may be used to assess the depth of melasma penetration.
Occasionally, a skin biopsy might be conducted to rule out similar-looking skin conditions and examine skin cells under a microscope.
Treatments for Melasma
Sun protection is pivotal in managing melasma. Regular sunscreen application and protective measures, like wearing broad-brimmed hats and clothing, are crucial. If melasma is linked to birth control pills or pregnancy, it may naturally improve post-discontinuation or after childbirth.
If melasma persists, medical intervention might be necessary. Treatment options include:
Hydroquinone:
A primary treatment, hydroquinone lightens the skin when applied topically in liquid, gel, lotion, or cream form.
Corticosteroids or Tretinoin:
Medications containing tretinoin or corticosteroids can enhance skin lightening and are used alongside hydroquinone.
Topical Azelaic and Kojic:
Direct application of these medications can aid in melasma lightening.
For cases where topical treatments prove insufficient, medical procedures like chemical peels, microdermabrasion, dermabrasion, or laser therapy may be recommended. Tailored treatment plans are essential for effective melasma management.